A Historical Timeline Evolution of the TV(1831-1996)

Television was not invented by a single inventor, instead of many people working together and alone over the years, contributed to the evolution of television. 1831 Joseph Henrys and Michael Faradays work with electromagnetism jumpstarts the era of electronic communication. 1862: First Still Image Transferred Abbe Giovanna Caselli invents his Pantelegraph and becomes the first person to transmit a still image over wires. 1873 Scientists May and Smith experiment with selenium and light, this reveals the possibility for inventors to transform images into electronic signals. 1876 Boston civil servant George Carey was thinking about complete television systems and in 1877 he put forward drawings for what he called a selenium camera that would allow people to see by electricity. Eugen Goldstein coins the term cathode rays to describe the light emitted when an electric current was forced through a vacuum tube. The Late 1870s Scientists and engineers like Paiva, Figuier, and Senlecq were suggesting alternative designs for Telectroscopes. 1880 Inventors Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Edison theorize about telephone devices that transmit image as well as sound. Bells Photophone used light to transmit sound and he wanted to advance his device for image sending. George Carey builds a rudimentary system with light-sensitive cells. 1881 Sheldon Bidwell experiments with his Telephotography that was similar to Bells Photophone. 1884: 18 Lines of Resolution Paul Nipkow sends images over wires using a rotating metal disk technology calling it the electric telescope with 18 lines of resolution. 1900: And We Called It Television At the Worlds Fair in Paris, the first International Congress of Electricity was held. That is where Russian Constantin Perskyi made the first known use of the word television. Soon after 1900, the momentum shifted from ideas and discussions to the physical development of television systems. Two major paths in the development of a television system were pursued by inventors. Inventors attempted to build mechanical television systems based on  Paul Nipkows  rotating disks orInventors attempted to build  electronic television systems  based on the  cathode ray  tube developed independently in 1907 by English inventor A.A. Campbell-Swinton and Russian scientist Boris Rosing. 1906: First Mechanical Television System Lee de Forest invents the Audion vacuum tube that proved essential to electronics. The Audion was the first tube with the ability to amplify signals. Boris Rosing combines Nipkows disk and a cathode ray tube and builds the first working mechanical TV system. 1907: Early Electronic Systems Campbell Swinton and Boris Rosing suggest using  cathode ray tubes  to transmit images. Independent of each other, they both develop electronic scanning methods of reproducing images. 1923 Vladimir  Zworykin  patents his  iconoscope  a TV camera tube based on Campbell Swintons ideas. The  iconoscope, which he called an electric eye becomes the cornerstone for further television development.  Zworkin  later develops the kinescope for picture display (aka the  receiver). 1924-25: First Moving Silhouette Images American  Charles Jenkins  and  John Baird  from Scotland, each demonstrate the mechanical transmissions of images over wire circuits. John Baird  becomes the first person to transmit moving silhouette images using a mechanical system based on Nipkows disk. Charles Jenkin  built his Radiovisor and 1931 and sold it as a kit for consumers to put together (see photo to right). Vladimir  Zworykin  patents a  color television  system. 1926-30: Lines of Resolution John Baird  operates a television system with 30 lines of resolution system running at 5 frames per second. 1927 Bell Telephone  and the U.S. Department of Commerce conducted the first long-distance use of television that took place between Washington D.C. and New York City on April 7th. Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover commented, â€Å"Today we have, in a sense, the transmission of sight for the first time in the world’s history. Human genius has now destroyed the impediment of distance in new respect, and in a manner hitherto unknown.† Philo Farnsworth, files for a patent on the first completely electronic television system, which he called the Image Dissector. 1928 The Federal Radio Commission issues the first television station license (W3XK) to  Charles Jenkins. 1929 Vladimir Zworykin  demonstrates the first practical electronic system for both the transmission and reception of images using his new kinescope tube. John Baird  opens the first TV studio, however, the image quality was poor. 1930 Charles Jenkins  broadcasts the first TV commercial. The BBC begins regular TV transmissions. 1933 Iowa State University (W9XK) starts broadcasting twice-weekly television programs in cooperation with radio station WSUI. 1936 About 200 hundred television sets are in use worldwide. The introduction of coaxial cable, which is a pure copper or copper-coated wire surrounded by insulation and aluminum covering. These cables were and are used to transmit television, telephone, and data signals. The first experimental coaxial cable lines were laid by ATT between New York and Philadelphia in 1936. The first regular installation connected Minneapolis and Stevens Point, WI in 1941. The original L1 coaxial-cable system could carry 480 telephone conversations or one television program. By the 1970s, L5 systems could carry 132,000 calls or more than 200 television programs. 1937 CBS begins its TV development. The BBC begins high definition broadcasts in London. Brothers and Stanford researchers Russell and Sigurd Varian introduce the Klystron. A Klystron is a high-frequency amplifier for generating microwaves. It is considered the technology that makes UHF-TV possible because it gives the ability to generate the high power required in this spectrum. 1939 Vladimir Zworykin  and RCA conduct experimentally broadcasts from the  Empire State Building. Television was demonstrated at the New York Worlds Fair and the San Francisco Golden Gate International Exposition. RCAs David Sarnoff used his companys exhibit at the 1939 Worlds Fair as a showcase for the 1st Presidential speech (Roosevelt) on television and to introduce RCAs new line of television receivers, some of which had to be coupled with a radio if you wanted to hear the sound. The Dumont company starts making tv sets. 1940 Peter Goldmark invents 343 lines of the resolution  color television  system. 1941 The FCC releases the NTSC standard for black and white TV. 1943 Vladimir Zworykin  developed a better camera tube called the Orthicon. The Orthicon (see photo right) had enough light sensitivity to record outdoor events at night. 1946 Peter Goldmark, working for CBS, demonstrated his  color television  system to the FCC. His system produced color pictures by having a red-blue-green wheel spin in front of a  cathode ray tube. This mechanical means of producing a color picture was used in 1949 to broadcast medical procedures from Pennsylvania and Atlantic City hospitals. In Atlantic City, viewers could come to the convention center to see broadcasts of operations. Reports from the time noted that the realism of seeing surgery in color caused more than a few viewers to faint. Although Goldmarks mechanical system was eventually replaced by an electronic system he is recognized as the first to introduce a broadcasting  color television  system. 1948 Cable television  is introduced in Pennsylvania as a means of bringing television to rural areas. A patent was granted to Louis W. Parker for a low-cost television receiver. One million homes in the United States have television sets. 1950 The FCC approves the first  color television  standard which is replaced by a second in 1953. Vladimir Zworykin  developed a better camera tube called the Vidicon. 1956 Ampex introduces the first practical  videotape  system of broadcast quality. 1956 Robert Adler  invents the first practical  remote control  called the Zenith Space Commander. It was proceeded by wired remotes and units that failed in sunlight. 1960 The first split screen broadcast occurs on the Kennedy - Nixon debates. 1962 The All-Channel Receiver Act requires that UHF tuners (channels 14 to 83) be included in all sets. 1962 A joint international collaboration between ATT, Bell Labs, NASA, British General Post Office, the French National Post, Telegraph, and Telecom Office results in the development and launch of  Telstar, the first satellite to carry TV broadcasts - broadcasts are now internationally relayed. 1967 Most TV broadcasts are in color. 1969 July 20, first TV transmission from the moon and 600 million people watch. 1972 Half the TVs in homes are color sets. 1973 Giant screen projection TV is first marketed. 1976 Sony introduces  Betamax, the first home video cassette recorder. 1978 PBS becomes the first station to switch to all satellite delivery of programs. 1981: 1,125 Lines of Resolution NHK demonstrates HDTV with 1,125 lines of resolution. 1982 Dolby  Surround  Sound for home sets is introduced. 1983 Direct Broadcast Satellite begins service in Indianapolis, In. 1984 Stereo TV broadcasts approved. 1986 Super VHS introduced. 1993 Closed captioning required on all sets. 1996 The FCC approves ATSCs HDTV standard. A billion TV sets worldwide.

America And The United Kingdom Essay - 2027 Words

â€Å"Stop leaving all this food. Don’t you know that there are kids in Africa who are starving?† This is a common guilt trip of parents in First World countries to children who will not eat their dinner, and so most in America and the United Kingdom are confronted with the reality of starving countries early in life. The reminder to be thankful is usually common in households of all socioeconomic statuses, and so the reality of poverty is often challenged even in households who do not experience it head-on, although they experience it indirectly. The cry of many church bodies, charities, and political parties is for aid to and economic justice for the poor who are are systematically disadvantaged. In summation, an individual who has grown up in First World countries are, no matter the socioeconomic status, aware that world hunger, poverty, economic justice, and individual responsibility are major and dire issues that affect the majority of the world today. The pu rpose of this paper is to show the differences in viewpoints of America and the United Kingdom in regards to these issues on both the national and individual level, and then discuss my own. One of the most recent and most encompassing surveys on America’s views on helping reduce world hunger was (unfortunately) performed in 2001 by the Program of International Policy Attitudes (PIPA). The study included focus groups from four states as well as a random selection of 901 adult Americans nationwide. The fact thatShow MoreRelatedEthnic Differences Between The United Kingdom And America3747 Words   |  15 PagesThroughout this paper I will focus on data from the United Kingdom and America and focus solely on the disadvantages that ethnic minority groups endure which effect their health status. 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Schlieffens Plan Essay Example For Students

Schlieffens Plan Essay In 1904 France and Britain signed the Entente Cordiale. The reason for this alliance was to get a few countries grouped together against the perceived threat of Germanys powerful army. Talk also began to add Russia to this alliance bringing all three, France, Britain and Russia together. As a result of these alliances the German military began to fear the possibility of being attacked from both sides all at once from France, Britain and Russia. Germany gave Alfred von Schlieffen, the German Army Chief of Staff, the responsibility for coming up with a plan to defeat the allies. This plan was called the Schlieffen Plan. The Plan involved hitting France hard, with 90 percent of the total German army. The remaining 10 percent of the army would stay back and defend again any Russian advances on Germany. Schlieffen thought that taking out France was the key to winning the war as quickly as possible. He thought that if France was defeated then Britain and Russia would not want to continue the fighting. Schlieffen estimated that it would take at least six weeks for Russia to organize there large army for an attack on Germany. This meant that it was very important that Germany was able to invade and defeat France before then. In August 1914 the Schlieffen Plan was put into effect and the German Army invaded Luxembourg and Belgium. Germany thought they would have no problem taking out the two cities but were unexpectedly held up by the Belgium army. While being held up there they were again surprised as to how quickly the Russian army was able to advance into East Prussia. Soon after which the British force also reached France and Belgium to fight against the Germans. The French and British fell back to the other side of the River Seine and regrouped. After which, another French moved in and attacked the Germans at full force and managed to cut a huge hole in the German army splitting them into two groups. The French then entered the gap between the German forces trying to keep them divided. The Germans came very close to defeating the French army until the French brought in reserve troops to reinforce the front line. The Germans could not break through the French and were soon after ordered by the German Chief of Staff to stop and retreat from the French. After the retreat the British and French then came back across the river. The Schlieffen plan did not work at all like they hoped. Germany was not able to get their quick victory over France and were instead overpowered and forced back. Although the Schlieffen Plan did not succeed, this did not mean that the German army had been beaten. The Germans retreat was a successful one and they were able to fall back and build trenches between the North Sea to the Swiss Frontier. It was good for Germany that they were able to get out in time and secure a position, but was a bad situation because it took away any possibility of a quick war.

Intelligent Robustic System For Exploration-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Intelligent Robustic System For Exploration? Answer: Introducation A robot is a man-made object which is using the computer as its brain and has the machine-driven body. In its body, sensors and actuators are present in it. They are more flexible in terms of performing new operations and is capable of carrying out numerous tasks at once. Recently there is an emergence of technology branch with concerned of all the challenges in robot, design, and application. Robots perform numerous activities such as defective satellite inspection, repair or construction of a space station and supplying goods to the station and its retrieval. The paper describes the design and implementation management used by the authors for developing tele robotic system. There is high possibility of new advancement in robots with overlapping knowledge in control and progress in fundamental technologies, kinematics and dynamics. This will enable people to discover and familiarity in the universe with numerous live changes. Technology in space has an important influence in both socioeconomic and life part of space environment and the world society, therefore many study were carried out to help combining robots and space through applying space robotics idea and some required of robotic machines features are flexibility, acknowledgement, knowledgeable control and reconfigurable methods. All imaginative decisions need to be tested and verified in open space condition because aspect technology such as communication techniques cannot be verified on-ground condition. Control system Design Methodology This section highlights the methodology used by the writer to design tele robotic system. Each step is described in sequence as follows(Hermann, 2012, p. 410) Hierarchy of desired behavior The first step is to define and name a hierarchy of desired robot behaviors because it is based on time-domain behavior. Usually, four steps are needed for autonomous submersible and autonomous manipulator. The designer must ensure that the specified behaviors are enough to allow description of all robotic system operations by personnel. Level of Robot Autonomy The robot requires less supervision as the hierarchy becomes automated. The decision concerning the level of should be implemented based on complexity, safety, relationship between channels of communication and required robot stability Remote/local portioning The machine-driven purposes can be alienated into remote [robot] and the local where lower levels of control are executed by the robot more than the console. Behavior matrix Before the execution of behavior by the operator at the work station and the robot, certain things need to be defined such as requirements by sensory inputs to support the decomposition, its nominal decomposition into lower levels and handling behavior execution, Conflicting behavior resolution The approaches such as the logic- based and cooperative are the preferred methods of resolving conflicts goals. It is grounded on how robots are going to deal with the fact that they are not intended to carry out other functions. Control system modules The communication associating the isolated computers is affected by computer error. The robot are directed orders by the operator and the robots are expected to follow a systematic protocol that are errors free while the response values from the robot to the operator can be submitted repeatedly deprived of acknowledgment Sera interface It needs two types of definition levels; The standard real-time on-line operator interface and Scripting, configuration and behavior definition Network of Software Modules The designer needs to break down the system into a two-way communication between the components and every component must be assigned preemption level. Software module integration The real-time system is constructed from the existing components is just a matter of selecting the required components from the library and explaining the interconnections between them. The process of implementing the control system differs with software components implementation Declarative Configuration This is where the user pronounces all components and their connections in a text built file then the file is interpreted by the program after reading it so that it can modify the data structure for real-time control. Code-Based Configuration This is the C++ version of declarative configuration approach whereby the configuration file is gathered and joined before running of application Graphical Configuration This approach depends on the use of computer-aided design to put down the components and their interconnections. The list is analyzed into a text-based in order to produce a list describing the components and their interconnections. Project management issues The quality management, preparation of work and private issues are the matters affecting project management and they are influenced by the design and implementation approach. This approach task are partitioned into two parts that are the software component and control system application whereby engineers specializing in application sector are responsible for application design, enactment and testing while the team in software are responsible for progress and upkeep of all software constituents.(Robo, p. 211) Ongoing Developments This section describes the relevant developments taking place in design and implementation of tele robot control system Application of space robot can be classified into the following categories of four;(Konoko, 2010, p. 318) Operation: Helps to conduct experiment in the lab Maintenance: Helps in removal and replacement of faulty modules/packages In orbit positioning and assembly: Helps in deployment of satellite and assembling of modules to satellite/ space station Resupply: It enables supply of materials and equipment for experimentation in space lab and for fuel resupply The following examples give specific applications under the above categories Scientific Experimentation Experiments conducted in space lab include Observations by astronauts Biological experiments Metallurgical experiments which sometimes is dangerous Assist in space station assembly Helps crew in the space station i.e. routine crew maintain life supporting system Helps in station arranging and assembling Space servicing functions Refueling Faulty modules replacement Helps congested mechanism such as antenna and solar pane Enhancement of space craft Using upgraded module in replacing payloads Assist in modules attachment in space Space tug Transfer of satellites from low earth orbit to geostationary orbit efficiently Effect orbital transfer by satellite grabbing Challenges in designing and testing space robot Robots developed for space is different from those in the ground because space robots have to operate in zero g' conditions i.e. [lack of gravity], in the vacuum, far away from earth and in high thermal gradients. (Xu, 2012, p. 32)Thermal condition and the vacuum of space interferes with material and sensor performance of the robots. The degree of remoteness of the operator varies from few meters to millions of kilometers The environs that lack the force of gravity has strength and weaknesses. In zero g environment, the mass to be handled by the arm manipulator is not constraints that is why joints and the arms of needs not to withstand forces and moments loads as a result of gravity. The main disadvantage of zero g environment is that it lacks inertial flame and any manipulator arm motion will induce reaction forces and base moments which in turn interfere with the altitude and position.(Kopa, 2011, p. 315) The problems faced by the robot such as control and motion planning, dynamics can be solved by ensuring dynamics connections between the base [space station, space shuttle and satellite] and the robot. As a result of dynamic interaction, the space robot motion can influence the base route and this can make the robot to miss the planned target, also mutual dependence affects the performance of the robots and the base severely in case the moment of inertia robot, the mass and payload are not negligible compared to the base. (Kanniah, 2013, p. 165) Vacuum effect and thermal effect The vacuum in space causes heat transfer problems and loss of mass of the materials as a result of sublimation or evaporation. This can be avoided by selecting materials and lubricants properly so as to attain collected unstable condensable matter and total mass loss. The preferred lubricants should be dry in nature like goad and lead. Some of the sub-systems will require hermetical sealing in order to be exposed to vacuum. In thermal variations, low-temperature cause material embrittlement hence increases friction in bearing by weakening the adhesive forces. The distortion in overcrowding of mechanism and structural elements is caused by huge thermal gradients hence the best way of controlling this is ensuring that proper material selection whose features is acceptable based on the temperature range and suitable choice of protective coatings and insulation system temperature is within permissible boundaries is carried out.(Desroches, 2010, p. 41) Other factors The compactness and the lightweight are one of the main factors required in space system. The material structure to be used should possess certain strength and stiffness to ensure minimum mass, high toughness and solidity. Robots are also subjected to a critical environment are the dynamics during launch. Dynamic loads contain random vibration, auditory noise, sinusoidal vibration and separation shock bands. The electronic and electrical subsystem will have to take care of ecological conditions during orbit and launch.(Konoko, 2010, p. 78) In case there is need for performance to be recorded, protection of components against radiation all over its life is necessary to be considered. Reliability of a high grade is required in space robots and this can be managed by ensuring that design phase was conducted in a proper manner. In order to identify numerous failure modes effects, a failure mode effect and critical analysis is carried out and must be addressed in the design by(Kanniah, 2013, p. 179) Having a good design margin Selecting a reliable or proven design The design should have redundancy System verification and testing System reliability is conducted by a number of tests enveloping all the environmental conditions. The verification of tests and functions are carried out on subassemblies, subsystem and tests acceptance will be done after system completion. The trickiest simulation during testing will be zero g simulation. The simulation commonly used in zero(Kanniah, 2013, p. 89) a) Water immersion: Total dipping of robots under water and testing helps in the simulation of reduced gravity. b) Flat floor test facility: Here, it is grounded on the bearing of air sliding over a polished granite. It simulates the zero g' environment in the parallel plane. c) Compensation system: The compensation of force of gravity is done by vertical and passive counter system and actively controlled parallel. Performance assessment and calibration The development of offline software in mission preparation helps in achieving the robotic device operation. The procedures that supports design in a computer are applied so that movement of the robot can be traced easily. The smallest size, mass and the power needed and intake can be attained by ensuring an appropriate sensing technology is put in place.(Ruoff, 2011, p. 245) Robot performance The valuation of robot is needed because; To enhance sources of errors that affect arm accuracy To make decision if the work cell or the arm must be calibrated To make the comparison on the expected improvement in calibration accuracy. The mathematical model is used in assessing the robots performance and the source of error from its sub system such as the robot link, the joint or its gripper(Xu, 2012, p. 212). Identification of error is done by a bottom-up analysis and in each identified robot sub system are arranged in the three groupings namely; Pseud systematic error which is foreseeable and time variant Random errors which cannot be predicted but varies with time e.g. encoded noise The systematic error which does not differ with time e.g. concentricity, link length, and parallelism. Once the classification of error based on the magnitude is done, there may be used of numerous statistical methods to evaluate its impacts when they are combined during work.(Ruoff, 2011, p. 54) Robot Calibration A proper calibration method is required in compensate for errors in case the prediction performance has shown that calibration is needed. All calibration must be carried out on the ground and in case of orbit calibration procedures should be limited in crosschecking the model validity developed and if essential, error correction such as pressure gradient and micro slip to be done. Calibration is executed in five steps namely; (Genta, 2011, p. 33) Modeling, in which parametric description is carried out, introducing geometric parameters like link length Measurement, in which data encoded and a set of robot position and orientation are measured using the real robot for provision of inputs for identification test step Identification, it uses the measured facts and parametric model to determine error parameters Model implementation, where the data controller root is updated by correction of robot pose with respect to the error standard deviation. Verification, It is when accurate positioning of the robot has been achieved in all the three axe This method is preferable if compared to other methods because complications of universal calibration of robots are sectioned into a set of minor problems thus enabling them to accomplish numerical precession and decent stability. The software calibration is parametric in nature thus appropriate for homogenizing any wide-open robot kinematics chain. (Kopa, 2011, p. 113) Description structure of space robot The robots consist of two arms namely; upper arm and lower arm. The rotary joint links the upper arm and to the lower arm and a three-roll wrist mechanism at the end of the lower arm is used to orient the end effector about any axis. The end effector connected to the axis performs the same function as the hand. Motors help in driving the circuit which in turn drives the joint of the arm and wrist while angular encoders control the motion of the joint at each axis. The controlling of grasping force on the job is done by the end effector that is driven by a motor and pressure sensor. The main subsystem in the development of the manipulator's arm is,(Forest, 2011, p. 56) A joint enables movement between two links of a robot and there are two types of joints namely; roll joint whose rotational axis is similar with a fully extended arm and the second one is pitch joint whose rotational axis is parallel to the axis of an extended arm making its angle of rotation is limited.(Telotte, 2016, p. 214) Robot arms The simplest arm is the pick and place type which are used t5o assemble part of fitting them into a fixture. This is achievable due high accuracy attainable in the robot arm. Objects having complicated shapes and fragile in nature can be manipulated by robot arms In robot arms, there are wrist and grippers. The wrist is attached to the robot arm and has pitch, roll, and yaw that is why it has the ability to retain its equilibrium position after the removal of deflecting forces and deform in response to the forces as well as the torques.(Zhu, 2010, p. 43) The gripper is attached to the manipulator's wrist to achieve the task required. The designing of the gripper depends on the size and shape of the part to be held Space Robot Teleoperation The space robotics is an important psychology in space advancement. It is desirable to develop a robot which can work without an aid of astronauts. In the current situation, there is progress in technologies whereby the tele operates a space robot from within a spacecraft. However, the limited number of astronauts in the space makes it possible not to achieve rapid progress in space growths with the teleoperation from within the spacecraft.(Xu, 2012, p. 56) Operations of space robots Robotic free fly manipulators are difficult because the spacecraft moves in response to the movement of manipulators. The shuttle robot arm is used for various purposes such as; Deployment and retrieval of satellite Building of International Space Station Surveying the outside of the space shuttle using TV cameras attached to a wrist or elbow of the robot arm Robot Arm Operation Mode It is operated in the space shuttle cabin and to control the shuttle remote manipulator system the operator uses translational hand controller to deploy the rotational hand controller. How space shuttle robot arms grasps object Robot arm just work in a similar way just like that of human, The end point of the rot arm consist of a cylinder known as the end effector. There are three wires that are used to grasp objects inside the cylinder. The object to be grasped needs to have a grapple fixture meaning projection a stick in shape. Sight is essential in order to acquire the grapple fixture while manipulating a robot arm as long as 45 feet. Robot arm is activated to hit the target and this is done by the robot arm operator while keeping the rod standing vertical to the robot arm and in case the angular balance is between the robot arm and the rod, it is easily detected through the in TV Conclusion In the forthcoming years to come will make billion of people to live a leisure life instead of current obsession with current material needs. Space robotics will open the door to discover and experience the universe because there are many people who are captivated by the space but the lack means of discovering it. The formal method for the design and development of robot has been outlined and it is based on the concept hierarchical control. Hierarchical control system design provides a template for complex control system functional design that allows parallelism in the development process. The method also highlights advantages of robots such as, going where people cannot reach, robot dont need to return to earth, they perform task that are less expensive and less risk and space is a dangerous environment but robots manage to survive. New future development includes new support for hardware and software environments References Desroches, A., 2010. Intelligent Robustic System for Space Exploration. s.l.:s.n. Forest, C., 2011. Robots in Space. s.l.:s.n. Genta, G., 2011. Introduction to management of space robots. s.l.:s.n. Healer, P., 2014. Space Mice 2. s.l.:s.n. Hermann, G., 2012. Advances in Autonomous Robotics. s.l.:s.n. Kanniah, J., 2013. PRACTICAL ROBORT DESIGN. s.l.:s.n. Kanniah, P., 2013. practical robort design. s.l.:s.n. Konoko, M., 2010. Robotics research. s.l.:s.n. Kopa, D., 2011. Exploring Space Robots. s.l.:s.n. Pelt, M. v., 2010. Space invaders. s.l.:s.n. Rice, W., 2012. Blast off to Space. s.l.:s.n. Robo, n.d. s.l.:s.n. Ruoff, C. F., 2011. Teleoperation and Robotics in space. s.l.:s.n. Sicilliano, B., 2010. Robotics; modelling,planning and contol. s.l.:s.n. Telotte, J., 2016. Robort economics and Science Fiction. s.l.:s.n. Xu, Y., 2012. Space Robostics. s.l.:s.n. Zhu, W.-H., 2010. Virtual decomposition control. s.l.:s.n

45 Idioms About Ordinal and Multiplicative Numbers

45 Idioms About Ordinal and Multiplicative Numbers 45 Idioms About Ordinal and Multiplicative Numbers 45 Idioms About Ordinal and Multiplicative Numbers By Mark Nichol The following is a list of idioms about ordinal numbers (first, second, and so on) and multiplicative numbers, or what the late English-usage expert Henry Watson Fowler called numeral adverbs (once, twice, and so on). (Because I have already devoted an entire post to idioms that include first, I’ve omitted them here.) 1. bottom of the ninth: the last minute, from the last segment of the last inning of a baseball game 2. break the fourth wall: speaking directly to the audience during a theatrical performance (or, by extension, a film or a television program) 3. cheap at twice the price: exceedingly inexpensive 4. don’t think twice: don’t concern yourself about it 5. eleventh hour: the last minute 6. even a stopped clock is right twice a day: someone who is usually mistaken can be correct on rare occasions 7. fifth column: collaborators supporting would-be invaders from within a country 8. fool me once, shame on you; fool me twice, shame on me: a proverb expressing that one should be wary of the intentions of someone who has tricked one before 9. for once: on this particular occasion 10. Fourth Estate: journalists as a group (originally, a reference to the press in counterpoint to three other major demographic groups: the clergy, the nobility, and the common people) 11. give (one) the once-over: examine with interest 12–13. if I’ve told you once, I’ve told you a hundred/thousand times: a phrase expressing, with exaggeration, that one has repeatedly referred to something 14. lightning never strikes (the same place) twice: an unusual occurrence that has happened before won’t happen again 15. once and for all: permanently 16. once bitten, twice shy: a proverb expressing that one’s inclination is to avoid people who, or things, that have hurt them 17. once in a blue moon: very rarely 18. once in a lifetime: said of something likely to occur only once during one’s life 19. once over lightly: quickly 20. once upon a time: once in the past (used often as the beginning of a fairy tale to express that the story occurred long ago) 21. opportunity knocks but once: a proverb expressing that one may have only one chance to take advantage of an opportunity 22–23. plead/take the fifth: said humorously in response to a request for provocative information when one does not want to reveal it (a reference to the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which protects citizens against self-incrimination) 24. second banana: someone who plays a secondary role (from show business slang for a supporting comedian) 25. second best: something not as good as the thing desired 26. second chance: another opportunity 27. second childhood: a period later in life marked by renewed interest in things of interest to a child or by reduced mental capacity 28. second class: inferior, as in references to travel accommodations or disadvantaged citizens 29. second fiddle: one who plays, or is perceived to play, a subordinate role (from an informal reference to violinists in a music ensemble who are not the principal violinist) 30. second-guess: predict another’s action or decision 31. secondhand: as an adjective, not original, or previously owned; as an adverb, indirectly, or obtained from another 32. second nature: said of a behavior or habit that one seems to have been born with 33. second sight: clairvoyance, or the supposed ability to see something happening elsewhere or in the future 34. second thought: a reference to changing one’s mind, as in the phrase â€Å"on second thought† or to be inclined to do so, as in the phrase â€Å"having second thoughts† 35. second to none: better than anyone or anything else 36. second wind: restoration of easy breathing after physical exertion, or a renewal or energy or strength 37. seventh heaven: a state of bliss 38. sixth sense: a perceptiveness that cannot be achieved with the five physical senses 39. think twice: carefully consider 40. the third degree: intense questioning 41. third rail: something dangerous, like the electrified third rail of an electric railway system 42. third time’s the charm: one will succeed on the third try 43. Third World: the undeveloped world, first used to describe countries not aligned with the world’s democratic and communist nations during the Cold War 44–45. third/fifth wheel: a person thought to be unwelcome in the company of a pair or quartet of people; usually a reference to a single person with one or two couples Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Good At, Good In, and Good With"Wracking" or "Racking" Your Brain?5 Examples of Insufficient Hyphenation

Customs and Excise reduce Essays

Customs and Excise reduce Essays Customs and Excise reduce Essay Customs and Excise reduce Essay This inelastic demand for cigarettes means that when governments impose sales excise taxes on cigarettes the percentage of tax the consumer pays differs from when a tax is laid on a elastic good. The market of cigarettes is different to the market of vegetables. Vegetables are seen as a price sensitive product where consumers mainly purchase the good according to their price. A tax on the vegetable market leads to a bigger (relatively) fall in QD, whereas for cigarettes a tax leads to a relatively smaller fall on QD. According to economic theory the price inelastic demand for cigarettes is due to the lack of substitutes. However, unlike vegetables cigarettes are addictive; therefore price may not be the most influential factor in affecting its demand. Elastic goods like vegetables are consumed according to their price. Smokers may go upon a different need, the need to satisfy their addiction. This difference in the consumers can be seen even more clearly when looked at over a long period of time. The market of vegetables is price sensitive in the long run as well as the short. This is because the market of vegetables faces an elastic demand curve in the short and long run. The market for cigarettes is expected to grow2. Even in the long run smokers may not able to substitute cigarettes for another good. Therefore economic theory suggesting that in a contestable market the long run demand curve will be elastic may not apply to cigarettes because in the short and long run there are no close substitutes. Sever taxes will change the rational consumer from smoking according to Gruber 10% rise in price will lead to a 5-6% decrease on demand. The consumer choice theory states that people are well informed about the products they consume. Such consumers may weigh up the cost and benefits of smoking and find that the utility gained from smoking is less then the potential utility the money spent on them can otherwise give. My diagrams demonstrate this: If the price of cigarettes went up in less developed countries then the people who find it difficult to purchase cigarettes form legitimate sources may turn to other places to attain the cigarettes. In such cases Black markets arise where they serve the need of consumers due to market disequilibrium. This again states the point that the market of cigarettes is like none other because this good is addictive and has no close substitutes. Taxes on cigarettes may be showing a decrease in consumption, hence justifying tax increases. However, the people in between e e1, as my graph demonstrates may actually turn to the black market to get the same good but a lower price. In conclusion I have demonstrated that cigarettes can not be classified as an inferior good. However cigarettes may not even be classified as an elastic or inelastic good as for these conditions are to be met there has to be close substitutes in the short and long run. Therefore when describing the effects of a tax on the market of cigarettes traditional microeconomic theory may not be used but instead one may take aspects of macroeconomic theory to describe the effects of a tax on the aggregate market of cigarettes. 2 Some analysts still expect the tobacco industry to show earnings growth of 11. 5% over the next five years BBC. CO. UK Tobacco trend for high income countries 2002 796 QC Consumer choice theory assumes that consumers are well informed about the products that they buy and that the economic man acts rationally in maximising his utility. However, as evidence by Gruber shows that Smoking is done primarily by the youth, whose ability to make fully informed decisions are questioned by society. Gruber describes that consumers are not well aware of the facts of smoking. Young smokers may not be acting rationally because cigarettes are addictive. It may be that consumers are rational and well informed but when it comes to addictive goods such as cigarettes their addiction over powers their sense of judgement. In the UK there is a law prohibiting anyone under the age of 16 to purchase cigarettes from shops. The government has restricted a group of people who may have otherwise brought cigarettes. In China the government has recently banned cigarette companies from advertising. This was revealed in the Muslim weekly newspaper, again evidence demonstrating that consumers may not be well informed. The government in the UK Intervene in the market of cigarettes as it is classified as a demerit good. This good is over consumed in a free market containing negative externalities that derive from the consumption. Other ways the government intervene are by stopping illegal imports coming into the country. The government has imposed quotas on consumers restricting the amount they can bring into the country. These actions go against the free market ideology; however, politically it is seen correct by the majority of the population. Customs and Excise reduce the supply of cigarettes that circulate the black market. This will then create a bigger effect in decreasing the demand for cigarettes when the price is raised through taxes. My diagram shows that when the price is raised demand according to theory is supposed to go down, however due to the size of the black market economic theory may not be taking place but with a reduction in supply in the black market aggregate QD will go down. Governments also intervene in the market by not allowing cigarette companies to advertise. But advertisers have penetrated the market in other ways. One of the ways it has done this is by using the cigarette logos and symbols instead of the company names.

Renew my heart by John Wesley Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Renew my heart by John Wesley - Research Paper Example When He mercies us, it is His generosity. This grace, which is bestowed on upon man, has converted him from dust into the human form and hence imposed the mark of God’s image on the soul (breathed into the human form). All that human beings do and possess cannot deserve even the slightest blessing of God. He moves on to say that the faith in God is also the gift of God Himself and one can be saved with the help of faith. Salvation is derived from faith and grace is the ever-existent gift from God. Hence faith without any pretence is able to secure heavenly grace and approval – human beings are â€Å"saved through faith†2. Therefore when an individual seeks union with God, it is his Faith, which in turn can save him from his sins and help him unite with Him. In Saint Augustine’s Confessions (an autobiography), concepts and experience regarding union with God and attempts towards salvation has found a refined outlet through his thoughts expressed in the vision at Ostia (a village in Italy) and the City of God which reveals the two worlds of man – that where he lives according to the human laws (according to man) and the world where he dwells according to God. It is practically the idea of two different cities emphasized here – the City of Gods and the city of Man. The two attributes or guidelines that underlie human life and its conditions are predestination (fate is pre decided by God) and grace (God’s blessings and kindness). These two beliefs have been wonderfully portrayed by Saint Augustine in The City of God which also extends the different conceptualization endorsed in the vision at Ostia a little further to encompass the broader aspect of status of human life and livelihood. When Saint Augustineâ€℠¢s family made a stop to rest at Ostia – a port in Southern Italy. It is here that Augustine experienced a union with God and realized that God is the object of knowledge and the mode of knowledge is realization of God without any